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interview questions

1 what is GETTER and SETTER?

2 What are the different types of errors in PHP?

3 What is the difference between mysql_fetch_object and mysql_fetch_array?

4 PHP security tips

5 How many ways I can register the variables into session?

6 : What is ENCAPSULATION?

7 : Design PATTERNin php.

8: Treat in php

9: What is POLYMORPHISM

10: what is MAGIC

11: what is Constants

12: what is Static Methods

13: What are Abstract Classes and Methods?

14: Namespaces?

15: Inheritance

16: Access Modifiers?

17: Abstract Class vs Interface

18:

1.

what is GETTER and SETTER?

 

“Getters” and “Setters” are object methods that allow you to control access to a certain class variables / properties. ... A “getter” allows to you to retrieve or “get” a given property. A “setter” allows you to “set” the value of a given property.

2

What are the different types of Errors in PHP?

There are three basic types of runtime errors in PHP:

1. Notices: These are small, non-critical errors that PHP encounters while executing a script - for example, accessing a variable that has not yet been defined. By default, such errors are not displayed to the user at all - although the default behavior can be changed.

2. Warnings: Warnings are more severe errors like attempting to include() a file which does not exist. By default, these errors are displayed to the user, but they do not result in script termination.

3. Fatal errors: These are critical errors - for example, instantiating an object of a non-existent class, or calling a non-existent function. These errors cause the immediate termination of the script, and PHP's default behavior is to display them to the user when they take place.

 

 

Mysql_fetch_object returns the result from the database as objects while mysql_fetch_array returns result as an array. This will allow access to the data by the field names. E.g. using mysql_fetch_object field can be accessed as $result->name and using mysql_fetch_array field can be accessed as $result->[name]

 

How many ways I can register the variables into session?.

Session_register(“smple”);

$_session can also be used for registering variables.

$_SESSION['count'] = 0;

Removing session data
The session data can be removed using the unset() function. Only specific elements of the $_SESSION array should be unset.
<?php
$_SESSION[‘sample’]=1;
Print $_SESSION [‘sample’];
Unset ($_SESSION[‘sample’);
?>

Ending a session
A session lasts until the browser window is not closed. In order to explicitly end the session Session_destory(); is used for ending the session.

: What is ENCAPSULATION?

Answer: Encapsulation is an OOP (Object Oriented Programming) concept in PHP. Wrapping some data in single unit is called Encapsulation. ... Second advantage of encapsulation is you can make the class read only or write only by providing setter or getter method. Capsule is best example of Encapsulation.

class employee { public $name; private $id; protected $tax; public $age; }

 

If you have to access private/protected properties, you can use getter and setter methods in your class.

 

As the name states,

 

The getter method retrieves an attribute in other classes.

The setter method modifies/changes the value of the attribute/data..

7. 

Design PATTERN in php.

https://phptherightway.com/pages/Design-Patterns.html

 

Answer: singleton, factory,

Factory

One of the most commonly used design patterns is the factory pattern. In this pattern, a class simply creates the object you want to use.

Singleton

When designing web applications, it often makes sense conceptually and architecturally to allow access to one and only one instance of a particular class. The singleton pattern enables us to do this.

 

The code above implements the singleton pattern using a static variable and the static creation method getInstance(). Note the following:

 

The constructor __construct() is declared as protected to prevent creating a new instance outside of the class via the new operator.

The magic method __clone() is declared as private to prevent cloning of an instance of the class via the clone operator.

The magic method __wakeup() is declared as private to prevent unserializing of an instance of the class via the global function unserialize() .

A new instance is created via late static binding in the static creation method getInstance() with the keyword static. This allows the subclassing of the class Singleton in the example.

The singleton pattern is useful when we need to make sure we only have a single instance of a class for the entire request lifecycle in a web application.

Strategy

Model-View-Controller commonly used in PHP frameworks like CI,Cake,Laravel

 

With the strategy pattern you encapsulate specific families of algorithms allowing the client class responsible for instantiating a particular algorithm to have no knowledge of the actual implementation.

 

This first code snippet outlines a family of algorithms; you may want a serialized array, some JSON or maybe just an array of data:

 

 

<?php

 

interface OutputInterface

{

    public function load();

}

 

class SerializedArrayOutput implements OutputInterface

{

    public function load()

    {

        return serialize($arrayOfData);

    }

}

 

class JsonStringOutput implements OutputInterface

{

    public function load()

    {

        return json_encode($arrayOfData);

    }

}

 

class ArrayOutput implements OutputInterface

{

    public function load()

    {

        return $arrayOfData;

    }

}

 

 .

Treat in php.

Answer: Traits are a mechanism for code reuse in single inheritance languages such as PHP.

Traits are used to declare methods that can be used in multiple classes.

So, what if a class needs to inherit multiple behaviors

 

PHP only supports single inheritance: a child class can inherit only from one single parent.

So, what if a class needs to inherit multiple behaviors? OOP traits solve this problem.

 

Traits can have methods and abstract methods that can be used in multiple classes, and the methods can have any access modifier (public, private, or protected).

 

Traits are declared with the trait keyword:

 

<?php

trait TraitName {

  // some code...

}

?>

<?php

class MyClass {

  use TraitName;

}

?>

<?php

trait message1 {

public function msg1() {

    echo "OOP is fun! ";

  }

}

 

class Welcome {

  use message1;

}

 

$obj = new Welcome();

$obj->msg1();

?>

<?php

trait message1 {

  public function msg1() {

    echo "OOP is fun! ";

  }

}

 

trait message2 {

  public function msg2() {

    echo "OOP reduces code duplication!";

  }

}

 

class Welcome {

  use message1;

}

 

class Welcome2 {

  use message1, message2;

}

 

$obj = new Welcome();

$obj->msg1();

echo "<br>";

 

$obj2 = new Welcome2();

$obj2->msg1();

$obj2->msg2();

?>

 

What is POLYMORPHISM

POLYMORPHISM

 

Answer: But PHP "does not support" compile time polymorphism, which means function overloading and operator overloading

 

Question6: Does php support OVERLOADING

OVERLOADING

 

Answer: Actually PHP does support function overloading, but in a different way. ... PHP's interpretation of "overloading" is different than most object oriented languages. Overloading traditionally provides the ability to have multiple methods with the same name but different quantities and types of arguments.

 

dynamically "create" properties and methods using of MAGIC method. ex:  func_get_args(),  gettype()..

10. what is MAGIC

MAGIC

 

method

Answer: some special functions that will be called automatically.

11. what is Constants

Constants

 

class

Answer:

Constants cannot be changed once it is declared.

Class constants can be useful if you need to define some constant data within a class.

A class constant is declared inside a class with the const keyword.

Class constants are case-sensitive. However, it is recommended to name the constants in all uppercase letters.

We can access a constant from outside the class by using the class name followed by the scope resolution operator (::) followed by the constant name, like here:

<?php

class Goodbye {

  const LEAVING_MESSAGE = "Thank you for visiting W3Schools.com!";

}

echo Goodbye::LEAVING_MESSAGE;

?>

12. 

Static Methods

 

 

Answer:

 

Static methods can be called directly - without creating an instance of a class.

 

Static methods are declared with the static keyword:

 

<?php

class ClassName {

  public static function staticMethod() {

    echo "Hello World!";

  }

}

?>

ClassName::staticMethod();

 

13. What are Abstract Classes and Methods?

Abstract Classes

 

Answer:

 

Abstract classes and methods are when the parent class has a named method, but need its child class(es) to fill out the tasks.

 

An abstract class is a class that contains at least one abstract method. An abstract method is a method that is declared, but not implemented in the code.

 

<?php

abstract class ParentClass {

  abstract public function someMethod1();

  abstract public function someMethod2($name, $color);

  abstract public function someMethod3() : string;

}

?>

 

14. 

Namespaces

 

Answer:

They allow the same name to be used for more than one class

15. 

Inheritance

 

Answer:

Inheritance in OOP = When a class derives from another class.

 

The child class will inherit all the public and protected properties and methods from the parent class. In addition, it can have its own properties and methods.

 

An inherited class is defined by using the extends keyword.

 

?php

class Fruit {

  public $name;

  public $color;

  public function __construct($name, $color) {

    $this->name = $name;

    $this->color = $color;

  }

  public function intro() {

    echo "The fruit is {$this->name} and the color is {$this->color}.";

  }

}

 

// Strawberry is inherited from Fruit

class Strawberry extends Fruit {

  public function message() {

    echo "Am I a fruit or a berry? ";

  }

}

$strawberry = new Strawberry("Strawberry", "red");

$strawberry->message();

$strawberry->intro();

?>

16. 

Access Modifiers

 

Answer:

public, protected, private

 

17. 

Abstract Class vs Interface

Answer:

interface Interface_A { } interface Interface_B { } interface Interface_C { } 

 

 

interface MyInterface extends Interface_A, Interface_B, Interface_C { }

 

Interface VS Abstract class image

 

18. 

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